![]() ![]() Hence, in this study, a numerical evaluation is done for conventional diesel, hybrid and electric sports utility vehicles, on real drive cycles in the six largest automotive markets, namely, China, United States of America, Europe, Japan, India and Brazil, to assess the degree of electrification suitable for lowest life cycle emissions and total cost of ownership in each country. Moreover, considering the cost aspect, an Electric Vehicle with a driving range of 500 km costs way higher than an Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle offering twice the range. ![]() But the electric vehicles do have emissions during their entire life cycle, these emissions vary from country to country, depending mainly on their electricity generation mix. Recently, many countries have set the target for the automakers to sell only vehicles with zero tailpipe emissions in the future, like in Europe, the United Kingdom, as well as the United States of America, promoting a major shift towards electric vehicles globally. Currently the whole glow plug must be changed at the end of lifetime, with our improvement only the inner tube resistance can be easily changed involving a cost reduction by about 60%. The proposed design is in accordance with the glow plug present in the market. Thanks to these improvements concerning the manufacture of the glow plug, the time period to reach 850 ° C has been reduced by approximately 5 s. A test apparatus was developed to confirm experimentally the theoretical results. In this study, the mathematical results of the processes to optimize the time required for the glow plug to reach the required temperature have been experimentally proven. This period negatively affects driving comfort. In cold climatic conditions, before the start off of diesel vehicles it is necessary to wait for about 10 s the cylinder block heating. Glow plug Mutually inductance Resistive element Thermal imaging In Diesel Engines, the heat energy obtained from the glow plug increases the engine's ability to start up in cold climatic conditions and significantly reduces emissions of harmful gases leaving the exhaust. ![]()
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